Thuật toán HistoScanning
A. Thuật toán chọn lọc dựa vào đặc điểm biệt hoá mô.
Trình bày hình tượng hoá dấu ấn âm học (acoustic signature) điển hình của 3 thuật toán biệt hoá mô của vùng ác tính và không ác tính. Hình (a-c) thể hiện tổn thương ác tính và hình (d-f) là vùng không ác tính. Chú ý khác biệt giá trị của trục y giữa (a) và (d), (b) và (e), (c) và (f).
B. Thuật toán phân biệt cá thể và kết hợp được tạo nên từ dữ liệu của bệnh nhân (scan + mô học) để đạt được phân cách thống kê tối đa.
Đối chiếu các vùng ác tính và lành tính của tuyến tiền liệt cho kết quả các kiểu phân bố khác nhau về số hoá, phân bố của vùng ung thư (màu cam) lệch sang P (giá trị cao) trong khi vùng không bệnh có màu xanh.
C. Thuật toán được cài vào trong máy siêu âm để tối ưu hoá việc phân biệt mô.
Tích hợp các phân bố về toán học của 3 thuật toán phân biệt giúp xác định kiểu số hoá có khả năng giúp xác định rõ mô tuyến tiền liệt ác tính và không ác tính.
Nguyên lý hoạt động
Ung thư được phân biệt bởi tăng sản bất thường các tế bào ác tính làm thay đổi cấu trúc và đặc điểm mô. Biến đổi hình thái này ảnh hưởng đến kiểu tán xạ của sóng âm truyền qua mô. Thuật toán mới và độc quyền này ghi nhận được các thay đổi của tán xạ âm. Cách tiếp cận này giúp phân biệt đặc điểm cấu trúc mô xa hơn các kỹ thuật tạo hình siêu âm hiện tại. Thuật toán của HistoScanning có thể ứng dụng và xác định cấu trúc mô khu trú trong các cơ quan đặc biệt như tuyến tiền liệt, buồng trứng, tuyến giáp và tuyến vú.
Xem video HistoScanning
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What is HistoScanning™?
HistoScanning™ is a novel ultrasound-based application that utilises advanced tissue characterisation algorithms to visualise the position and extent of differentiated tissue, suspected of being malignant. Prostate HistoScanning™ is a commercially available specific application that can support physicians managing prostate cancer patients with treatment selection, treatment planning, and selecting patients for active surveillance. HistoScanning™ applications are being developed for Breast, Ovary and Thyroid.
HistoScanning™ algorithms
A
Several algorithms are selected based on their basic tissue differentiation characteristics.
Graphical representation of the typical acoustic signature of the three tissue characterisation algorithms for malignant and non-malignant areas. Graphs (a-c) represent a malignant lesion and graphs (d-f) represent a non-malignant area. Note the difference in the y axis value between (a) and (d), (b) and (e), (c) and (f).
B
Individual and composite differentiation algorithms are trained on patient data sets (scan + histology) to achieve maximum statistical separation.
Comparing normal and malignant areas in the prostate resulted in different distributions of numerical patterns, with distributions related to cancerous areas (in orange) systematically shifted to the right (higher values) when compared to distributions related to the normal area (in blue).
C
Trained algorithms are implemented into the system to provide optimized differentiation.
Mathematical integration of the distributions provided by the three characterization algorithms allowed the definition of numerical patterns likely to be specific of non-malignant or of malignant prostatic tissues.
Principle of Operation
Cancer is characterized by an abnormal proliferation of malignant cells resulting in altered tissue structures and characteristics. The resulting morphological variability affects the scatter patterns of ultrasound waves traveling through the tissue. Changes in the ultrasound scatter footprint are picked‐up by innovative and proprietary algorithms. This approach allows for differentiation of tissue morphology characteristics beyond what is possible with currently available ultrasound imaging techniques. The algorithms used by HistoScanning can be adapted and trained to identify inute localized tissue structures in specific organs (eg. prostate, ovary, thyroid, breast, etc).
The Value of HistoScanning
New insights provided by HistoScanning may help physicians:
• Shorten time to treatment
• Improve the diagnostic accuracy hence reducing uncertainties and patient anxiety
• When cancer is suspected, direct diagnostic modalities (such as biopsies) to lesions most likely to be malignant
• Make more informed treatment decisions
• Implement effective active surveillance programs so as to avoid or postpone radical treatment
• Actively monitor treatment effectiveness
• Achieve cost savings in patient management by ensuring the most efficient use of resources
HistoScanning Applications
HistoScanning technology can be adapted and trained to differentiate tissues in organs accessible by ultrasound. Applications are being developed to address various organs specific clinical challenges. Current developments are focused in the fields of prostate, ovarian, thyroid and breast cancer:
• Prostate HistoScanning is primarily aimed at improving the clinical management of men presenting with elevated levels of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and therefore scheduled to undergo ultrasound guided biopsy. Prostate HistoScanning may help rule out clinically relevant prostate cancer in men with elevated serum PSA due to non malignant conditions and guide biopsies towards the suspicious lesions in men with positive HistoScanning results. Furthermore, it has the potential to provide guidance in treatment selection based on the stage of cancer. HistoScanning for the prostate is currently under clinical evaluation.
• Ovarian HistoScanning is for the clinical management of patients presenting with abnormal pelvic symptoms or a suspicious mass on a routine ultrasound scan. Ovarian HistoScanning has been shown in a multicentre clinical study to have sensitivity in the identification of cancerous tissue of 98% compared with 75% for the radiologist relying on the standard ultrasound scan alone. HistoScanning for the ovaries based on grey level data is currently under limited release.
• Thyroid HistoScanning aims to address the clinical challenges associated with the differentiation and localization of thyroid cancer and may provide a non‐invasive alternative to actively monitor disease recurrence. HistoScanning for the thyroid is currently in the clinical evaluation phase.
• Breast HistoScanning is aimed at supporting ultrasound‐based detection of malignancies in the breast and in particular improving the sensitivity and specificity of breast imaging. Furthermore, Breast HistoScanning is expected to facilitate screening in women with mammographically dense breasts.
Detection, localisation and characterisation of prostate cancer by Prostate HistoScanning™
Lucy A.M. Simmons, Philippe Autier Frantiŝek Zát'ura, Johan Braeckman, Alexandre Peltier, Ire Romic, Arnulf Stenzl, Karien Treurnicht, Tara Walker, Dror Nir, Caroline M. Moore, Mark Emberton
Article first published online: 17 NOV 2011
Prostate cancer is one of the few solid-organ cancers in which imaging is not used in the diagnostic process. Novel functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques offer promise but may not be cost-effective.
Prostate HistoScanning™ (PHS) is an ultrasound-based tissue characterisation technique that has previously shown encouraging results in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer. The present study reports on the open ‘unblinded’ phase of a European multicentre study. The prospective ‘blind’ phase is currently in progress and will determine the value of PHS in a robust fashion overcoming many of the biases inherent in evaluating prostate imaging.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the ability of prostate HistoScanning™ (PHS) an ultrasound (US)-based tissue characterization application, to detect cancer foci by correlating results with detailed radical prostatectomy (RP) histology.
PATIENT AND METHODS
In all, 31 patients with organ-confined prostate cancer, diagnosed on transrectal biopsies taken using US guidance, and scheduled for RP were recruited from six European centres.
Before RP three-dimensional (3D) US raw data for PHS analysis was obtained. Histology by Bostwick Laboratories (London) examined sections obtained from whole mounted glands cut every 3–4 mm.
Location and volume estimation of cancer foci by PHS were undertaken using two methods; a manual method and an embedded software tool.
In this report we evaluate data obtained from a planned open study phase. The second phase of the study is ‘blinded’, and currently in progress.
RESULTS
31 patients were eligible for this phase. Three patients were excluded from analysis due to inadequate scan acquisition and pathology violations of the standard operating procedure. One patient withdrew from the study after 3D TRUS examination.
PHS detected cancer ≥0.20 mL in 25/27 prostates (sensitivity 93%).
In all, 23 patients had an index focus ≥0.5 mL at pathology, of which 21 were identified as ≥0.5 mL by PHS using the manual method (sensitivity 91%) and 19 were correctly identified as ≥0.5 mL by the embedded tool (sensitivity 83%).
In 27 patients, histological analysis found 32 cancerous foci ≥0.2 mL, located in 97 of 162 sextants. After sextant analysis, PHS showed a 90% sensitivity and 72% specificity for the localisation of lesions ≥0.2 mL within a sextant.
CONCLUSIONS
PHS has the ability to identify and locate prostate cancer and consequently may aid in pre-treatment and pre-surgical planning.
In men with a lesion identified, it has potential to enable improved targeting, allowing better risk stratification by obtaining more representative cores.
However further verification from the results of the blinded phase of this study are awaited.
Differential diagnosis of adnexal masses: sequential use of the risk of malignancy index and HistoScanning, a novel computer-aided diagnostic tool
E. VAES*†, R. MANCHANDA‡, P. AUTIER§, R. NIR¶, D. NIR¶, H. BLEIBERG**, A. ROBERT* and U. MENON‡, Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012; 39:91–98
Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/uog.9079
ABSTRACT
Objective
To assess the value of ovarian HistoScanning TM, a novel computerized technique for interpreting ultrasound data, in combination with the risk of malignancy index (RMI) in improving triage for women with adnexal masses.
Methods
RMI indices were assessed in 199 women enrolled in a prospective study to investigate the use of HistoScanning. Ultrasound scores were obtained by blinded analysis of archived images. The following sequential test was developed: HistoScanning was modeled as a second-line test for RMI between a lower cut-off and an upper cut-off. The optimal combination of these cut-offs that together maximized the Youden index (Sensitivity + Specificity − 1) was determined.
Results
Using RMI at the standard cut-off value of 250 resulted in a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 86%. When RMI was combined with HistoScanning, the highest accuracy was achieved by using HistoScanning as a sequential second-line test for patients with R values between 105 and 2100. At these cut-off values, sequential use of RMI and HistoScanning resulted in mean sensitivity and specificity estimates of 88% and 95%, respectively.
Conclusions
Our data suggest that HistoScanning may have the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of RMI, which could result in better triage for women with adnexal masses. Further prospective validation is warranted.
Copyright 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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